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- So as you know, many
organizations are either

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moving to the cloud or
they already have moved

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most of their applications to the cloud.

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Or they may be deploying
a hybrid solution right,

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to host their applications.

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Now, organizations moving
to the cloud are almost

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always looking into transition from CapEx

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or capital expenditure to
operational expenditure,

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what we actually call OpEx.

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So most Fortune 500's
nowadays are operating

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in a multi-cloud environment.

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So it is obvious that
cloud computing security

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is more important than ever,

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and is top of mind for
many individuals, right.

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This dilemma includes not only protecting

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critical infrastructure from
data theft and exfiltration,

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but also privacy,

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which is another dilemma
that we have nowadays.

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Now, the National Institute
of Standards and Technology,

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so otherwise known as NIST.

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They authored a special
publication "800-145",

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which is the NIST definition
of cloud computing.

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I strongly suggest for you
to become familiar with,

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but I'm actually gonna highlight
a few of these definitions

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here for you, right.

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Now, first things first,

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let's actually look at the
cloud deployment models.

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You have public cloud, private
clouds, community cloud

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and hybrid cloud.

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Public cloud is actually the ones

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that you are fairly familiar with.

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Such as, you know Amazon AWS,

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Google Cloud Platform,

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Microsoft Azure,

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Digital Ocean, and many others.

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Then you also have private cloud,

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which is used by the organization itself

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at an on-premise or at a dedicated
area in a cloud provider.

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Then you also have community cloud,

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and community cloud is shared
between several organizations.

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And then lastly, you have hybrid cloud

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and that's actually composed
of two or more cloud services,

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including on-premise services
and public cloud providers.

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Now cloud computing can be broken down

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into three basic models.

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First, you have
infrastructure as a service,

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which is basically whenever
you rent the infrastructure

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of some provider.

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Think about model similar
to a utility company,

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because you actually pay
for what you actually use.

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And examples of these are
Amazon AWS, Microsoft Azure,

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Google Cloud Platform, and some others.

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Then you also have platform
as a service or pass,

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and basically pass provides everything

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except the applications.

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The services provided by this model

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include all phases of the
system development life cycle,

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and can use application
programming interfaces or APIs

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and web portals and gateway
software to be able to,

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you know, of course bring or provide you

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the services necessary for you

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to create your own application.

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And then you have software as a service,

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and basically software as a
service or SaaS is designed

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to provide a complete package solution.

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So the software itself
and the whole solution

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is rented out to the user.

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So for example, a very
popular software as a service,

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you know, service is WebEx, right.

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So a collaboration service

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and not only you can actually communicate

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via conference call,

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but also you have WebEx teams.

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And you can actually
communicate and keep in touch

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with your coworkers,

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and you know, increase productivity.

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Another one is of course,
email in many different forms

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like Microsoft Office
365 and Google G Suite

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and many others.

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So another NIST special
publication that is called

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the "Cloud Computing
Reference Architecture"

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is available for you or another resource

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for you to learn more
about cloud architectures.

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And that is special publication "500-292".

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Now, there are many potential threats

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when organizations actually
move to a cloud model,

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regardless of the model.

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For example, even though
your data is in the cloud,

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it must reside on a
physical location somewhere.

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Your cloud providers
should agree in writing

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to provide the level of security required

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for your customers right,

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and for your organization.

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Now, the following are a few questions

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to ask a cloud provider

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before even thinking about
using their services.

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Like for example, who
has access to your data,

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access to key critical data

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and not only your organization's data

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but the data of your customers, perhaps?

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Now, what are your regulatory requirements

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depending on where you reside,

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whether it's in the United
States, Canada, Europe

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and some other locations,

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you may have regulatory requirements

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that they must abide by.

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And an examples of these are, you know,

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like the EU or US Privacy
Shield Framework, ITIL, COBIT,

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you know, ISO standards
like the 27002 standard

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and many others.

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Now, another question
that you must ask is,

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do you have the right to audit?

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In other words, can you
even do an assessment,

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a security posture
assessment of the underlying

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infrastructure or the
applications and so on, right?

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So, can you do pen testing for example?

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Now, what other type of
training does this provider

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offer to its employee, right?

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What are the types of data classifications

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that this provider use, you know?

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How your data is separated
from one user to another one?

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Is encryption being used,

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not only in transit but
also at rest, right?

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So, all these are
questions that you must ask

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when you take in consideration,

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between your cloud provider
and you, the consumer.

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Now, because cloud-based
services are accessible

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via the internet,

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they're open to a number
of attacks, right.

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Some of the potential attack
vectors that criminals

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and threat actors may attempt
include session hijacking,

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which is whenever the
attacker can actually sniff

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or intercept traffic to take
over a legitimate connection

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to a cloud service,

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or a DNS based attack,

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or cross-site scripting,

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SQL injection,

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session riding,

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and many other application
based vulnerabilities.

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You also have the dilemma of

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distributed denial-of-service attacks,

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or man-in-the-middle
cryptographic attacks.

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Also site-channel attacks
on where the attacker

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could attempt to compromise
the cloud service

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by placing malicious virtual
machines in close proximity

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to a target application or
to a target cloud server

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and so on, and then launching
a site channel attack.

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Another one is actually
authentication attacks

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and authorization bypass attacks

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and often APIs are configured insecurely.

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So an attacker can take advantage

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of API misconfigurations
to modify, delete,

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or append data in applications

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or systems in cloud environments.

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Now, regardless of the model used,

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cloud security is the responsibility

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of both the client and
the cloud providers.

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So, these details will
need to be worked out

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before the cloud computing
contract or whatever, you know

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agreement that you have is actually signed

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and agree upon, you know, those entities.