1 00:00:06,630 --> 00:00:09,020 - Internet of things was hard to define. 2 00:00:09,020 --> 00:00:10,700 It's just the loose conglomeration 3 00:00:10,700 --> 00:00:14,240 of devices that are talking some form of radio protocol. 4 00:00:14,240 --> 00:00:15,570 Maybe, maybe they're plugged in. 5 00:00:15,570 --> 00:00:16,650 They're talking on the internet 6 00:00:16,650 --> 00:00:20,170 who knows everything is a thing on the internet of things. 7 00:00:20,170 --> 00:00:25,170 Operational technology on the other hand is strictly defined 8 00:00:25,800 --> 00:00:27,770 in that there's a bunch of processes 9 00:00:27,770 --> 00:00:31,360 and standards that operational technology must conform to. 10 00:00:31,360 --> 00:00:34,950 And the reason it has to conform to very strict standards 11 00:00:34,950 --> 00:00:37,410 are because the critical infrastructure 12 00:00:37,410 --> 00:00:40,280 that operational technology operates on. 13 00:00:40,280 --> 00:00:42,320 Things like oil and gas pipelines, 14 00:00:42,320 --> 00:00:47,320 the electrical grid, planes, boats, cars, utilities. 15 00:00:47,510 --> 00:00:48,880 This is critical infrastructure 16 00:00:48,880 --> 00:00:51,910 that the world relies upon in order to, you know 17 00:00:51,910 --> 00:00:53,453 have its day to day life. 18 00:00:54,670 --> 00:00:57,370 Operational technology as defined by hardware 19 00:00:57,370 --> 00:01:00,957 and software to monitor and control physical processes, 20 00:01:00,957 --> 00:01:04,460 devices and infrastructure. 21 00:01:04,460 --> 00:01:07,200 So we have industrial control systems, ICS, 22 00:01:07,200 --> 00:01:10,060 our devices systems controls and networks. 23 00:01:10,060 --> 00:01:12,710 Two, manage industrial processes 24 00:01:13,560 --> 00:01:15,600 and Distributed Control Systems fall into 25 00:01:15,600 --> 00:01:19,403 the industrial control systems, bucket SCADA. 26 00:01:20,640 --> 00:01:23,150 SCADA as defined by, or rather 27 00:01:23,150 --> 00:01:24,900 if you were to expand that acronym 28 00:01:24,900 --> 00:01:27,990 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. 29 00:01:27,990 --> 00:01:32,350 This is a standard for gathering data from sensors 30 00:01:32,350 --> 00:01:35,340 and talking to things to, for example, actuate. 31 00:01:35,340 --> 00:01:38,010 So open this valve close this valve, 32 00:01:38,010 --> 00:01:40,550 this is extremely well defined. 33 00:01:40,550 --> 00:01:42,730 SCADA networks, SCADA networks are what you see 34 00:01:42,730 --> 00:01:44,450 when you're talking about the power grid 35 00:01:44,450 --> 00:01:46,450 or oil and gas pipelines. 36 00:01:46,450 --> 00:01:48,840 As I just mentioned in the previous slide. 37 00:01:48,840 --> 00:01:51,550 These distributed control systems listed here 38 00:01:51,550 --> 00:01:53,910 are used to manage local controllers 39 00:01:53,910 --> 00:01:56,120 that are operating these various devices 40 00:01:56,120 --> 00:01:59,373 as part of the SCADA network. 41 00:02:00,619 --> 00:02:03,990 There's a quick overview of the things that you see 42 00:02:03,990 --> 00:02:05,190 in SCADA network. 43 00:02:05,190 --> 00:02:09,310 So SCADA itself, high level process, supervisory management 44 00:02:09,310 --> 00:02:13,660 is a framework for critical infrastructure environments. 45 00:02:13,660 --> 00:02:17,260 You have supervisory computers, there's sort of 46 00:02:17,260 --> 00:02:22,260 a hierarchical deployment of devices within SCADA networks. 47 00:02:22,360 --> 00:02:25,440 These supervisory computers are at the top of that triangle. 48 00:02:25,440 --> 00:02:28,820 They are, you know, monitoring and managing the environment. 49 00:02:28,820 --> 00:02:31,080 Beneath that you have remote terminal units 50 00:02:31,080 --> 00:02:33,410 and programmable logic controllers. 51 00:02:33,410 --> 00:02:36,770 Both of these things are to use and PLCs 52 00:02:36,770 --> 00:02:40,029 are connected to sensors and actuators 53 00:02:40,029 --> 00:02:42,020 in the various environments. 54 00:02:42,020 --> 00:02:45,960 The difference between the two is that remote terminal units 55 00:02:45,960 --> 00:02:50,960 are to use have quite a bit less logic and functionality. 56 00:02:51,460 --> 00:02:54,930 Whereas programmable logic controllers 57 00:02:54,930 --> 00:02:58,080 as their name says are programmable. 58 00:02:58,080 --> 00:03:01,709 So you can put in that, if this happens then do this. 59 00:03:01,709 --> 00:03:03,930 RTUs are quite a bit less complex. 60 00:03:03,930 --> 00:03:05,640 Then you have the communication infrastructure. 61 00:03:05,640 --> 00:03:09,659 This connects the supervisory systems to these PLCs and RTUs 62 00:03:09,659 --> 00:03:13,680 and finally HMIS or Human Machine Interfaces. 63 00:03:13,680 --> 00:03:18,230 These are, you know, actual displays that you touch 64 00:03:18,230 --> 00:03:20,530 and you know, make things happen, right? 65 00:03:20,530 --> 00:03:22,970 For management, monitoring, control. 66 00:03:22,970 --> 00:03:26,133 It's an interface for you to interact with the machine. 67 00:03:28,010 --> 00:03:29,860 Industrial IoT falls 68 00:03:29,860 --> 00:03:33,470 into this Operational Technology Concept. 69 00:03:33,470 --> 00:03:36,310 So we have sensors, monitors and actuators 70 00:03:36,310 --> 00:03:38,810 that are installed on all of these things 71 00:03:38,810 --> 00:03:40,580 you see listed here on the screen. 72 00:03:40,580 --> 00:03:43,210 It's all critical infrastructure stuff 73 00:03:43,210 --> 00:03:46,720 that operational technology is targeting. 74 00:03:46,720 --> 00:03:48,810 High security is an absolute requirement. 75 00:03:48,810 --> 00:03:53,440 So whereas with IoT, security is often an afterthought. 76 00:03:53,440 --> 00:03:55,400 You know, once they get hacked, then they're like, 77 00:03:55,400 --> 00:03:57,090 oh man we should have secured that. 78 00:03:57,090 --> 00:04:00,720 With OT though, security comes first because we're talking 79 00:04:00,720 --> 00:04:04,113 about things that people will die, if you do it wrong. 80 00:04:05,200 --> 00:04:09,008 An example here, the power grid is a SCADA system. 81 00:04:09,008 --> 00:04:11,900 That doesn't mean that it's completely secure though. 82 00:04:11,900 --> 00:04:13,210 I mean, there have been examples 83 00:04:13,210 --> 00:04:15,890 in the media of power grids being hacked. 84 00:04:15,890 --> 00:04:17,760 It is a SCADA system that was hacked. 85 00:04:17,760 --> 00:04:19,040 Why was it hacked? 86 00:04:19,040 --> 00:04:20,659 Probably because something was exposed. 87 00:04:20,659 --> 00:04:22,793 That was part of the SCADA network. 88 00:04:24,020 --> 00:04:26,680 PLCs or programmable logic controllers. 89 00:04:26,680 --> 00:04:28,620 These things are actually kind of fun to play with. 90 00:04:28,620 --> 00:04:31,560 We'll have more information about PLCs further along 91 00:04:31,560 --> 00:04:32,493 in these lessons. 92 00:04:33,370 --> 00:04:36,300 PLCs are essentially ruggedized little computers 93 00:04:36,300 --> 00:04:37,290 that are programmable. 94 00:04:37,290 --> 00:04:39,080 They have IO interfaces. 95 00:04:39,080 --> 00:04:42,930 As you can see here, all these little blocks 96 00:04:42,930 --> 00:04:46,560 in the back right here are used for connecting wires 97 00:04:46,560 --> 00:04:49,220 either digital signals or analog signals. 98 00:04:49,220 --> 00:04:53,680 The programming of these devices is meant to be done 99 00:04:53,680 --> 00:04:56,600 by people who are not professional developers. 100 00:04:56,600 --> 00:04:59,410 It's a simplified method of programming. 101 00:04:59,410 --> 00:05:02,790 Quite often, what they use is what's called Ladder Diagram. 102 00:05:02,790 --> 00:05:05,400 It's a graphical programming language 103 00:05:05,400 --> 00:05:10,400 defined by IEC 61131-3 to program PLCs. 104 00:05:12,160 --> 00:05:16,100 There are four other programming languages that can be used. 105 00:05:16,100 --> 00:05:18,368 Structured Text is seen quite a bit 106 00:05:18,368 --> 00:05:22,460 and you can actually translate provided you have 107 00:05:22,460 --> 00:05:24,340 an application that can translate. 108 00:05:24,340 --> 00:05:26,200 Here's an example of Ladder Diagram. 109 00:05:26,200 --> 00:05:28,500 So we have an OR gate and an AND gate. 110 00:05:28,500 --> 00:05:30,830 You'll notice we have the question 111 00:05:30,830 --> 00:05:33,970 in parallel right here and then series over here. 112 00:05:33,970 --> 00:05:36,380 So in order to you'll notice. 113 00:05:36,380 --> 00:05:37,770 So A and B. 114 00:05:37,770 --> 00:05:40,980 Af A is zero and B is zero, then the output is zero. 115 00:05:40,980 --> 00:05:45,980 So, OR if A is true and B is false, then the output is true. 116 00:05:46,530 --> 00:05:51,120 If this is true or that is true, or they're both true 117 00:05:51,120 --> 00:05:52,450 then the output is true. 118 00:05:52,450 --> 00:05:54,230 If they're both false, the output is false. 119 00:05:54,230 --> 00:05:57,023 And then the AND gate opposite of the, OR gate, 120 00:05:57,979 --> 00:06:00,070 and both of them have to be true 121 00:06:00,070 --> 00:06:02,080 before the output becomes true. 122 00:06:02,080 --> 00:06:02,913 As we can see here 123 00:06:02,913 --> 00:06:06,103 in this truth chart at the bottom of the screen.