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- Hi, welcome to lesson 15.

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In this lesson, we're
going to dig a bit deeper

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into Rust details and see
some of its advanced topics

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that it has in store for us.

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We'll begin with a look at boxing.

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In a nutshell, a box is a smart pointer

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to an object allocated
dynamically on heap.

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We'll have a look at a simple
example of boxing first,

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then we'll see a more realistic example

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of why you might use boxing in practice.

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The next topic we look
at is reference counting.

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Rust defines a reference
count construct, called RC,

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that keeps count of how
many references you have

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to an object.

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Each time a reference goes at a scope,

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the counter is decremented.

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And when the reference count goes to zero,

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the underlying object is
automatically deallocated.

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Next up, we discuss the
concept of unsafe code.

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This is a mechanism that enables you

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to bypass the normal
protection offered by Rust

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to perform low level operations,

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such as accessing raw
addresses in memory directly.

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To finish off the lesson, we'll
show how to integrate Rust

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with other programming languages,

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we'll see how to call
other languages from Rust

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and we'll also see how to
make our Rust code callable

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from other languages in
the opposite direction.