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[no audio]

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Friends, we are going to discuss about 'os' module, operating system

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module, which is very, very important whenever if you're going

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to automate your tasks at server side, because the 'os' module,

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using this 'os' module you can work or interact with your operating system.

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See whenever you are able to interact with your operating system,

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you can automate some tasks like creating directory, removing,

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changing your directory, knowing your directory, right, and many more.

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So, that's why this is very, very important.

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And just to get confidence on your 'os' module, myself

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I am dividing this module as four parts, that is simply

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'os', and 'os.path()', then 'os.system()', and then 'os.walk()'

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So that means I want to explain this 'os' module with step-by-step.

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So in this video, we are going to see some simple

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operations with your 'os' module, right?

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See this is a module, right, 'os' module. That means using this 'os' module,

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you can work with your Windows operating systems,

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as well as Unix-like systems, right?

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Let me take a very simple variable from your 'os' module.

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You know module always consists of some functions and variables,

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right, or simply module consists of some operations.

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One of the operation is 'os.sep'.

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What is this 'os.sep'?

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See, if I take some Windows operating system path, right?

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Let me take this path. See this '\' is called OS separator on your Windows.

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Let me take your Unix systems.

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So now this is the different '/', right.

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This '/' is the separator for your Unix-like systems. Now,

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if you want to set some

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path separator you don't need to

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set manually, based on your operating system Python will set it.

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Suppose let me enter into my Python terminal,

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and you know whenever if you want to use 'os' module,

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you have to import your 'os', right, and then to see list of your 'os'

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module operations simply you can run 'dir(os)'.

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So, these all are the operations with your 'os', but I am

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going to divide this into 4 parts, and I am going to explain that step by step.

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So, you know that guys, these all are like some

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of them are functions, and some of them are variables.

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If you want to know which is a function,

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and which is a variable, you have to go with 'help'.

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If you press 'Enter', right, you are going to get your

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'os' module information with functions, and then some data, right.

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So if you want to see you can go through that.

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I'm not going with that.

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Let me simply print on your Windows operating system,

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'os.separator'. You're getting '/'. Same way, let me

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go with your Unix-like systems.

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I am going to enter into my Python terminal on my Unix system,

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that is Linux system.

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Let me 'import os' first. Then I am printing 'os.separator'.

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Right. Automatically based on your operating system, Python is finding.

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Now, this is the different '/', right?

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Fine. Now, let us assume that, let us assume that

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I have some simple directory called,

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let me take on my Desktop. Okay, I'm going to

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create some directory, new directory

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[no audio]

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like 'hi'. Then I'm going to create one more directory, one more directory.

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Let me create it.

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Simply I am going to create like, I will take 'New'.

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[no audio]

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Fine. Now, let me take this path.

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So 'path' is always a string guys.

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If you go anywhere, right, 'path' is always a string.

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Let me take 'path' is this one.

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I am storing into some variable.

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First I will take 'hi'.

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This is my path.

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Right. Okay, you're getting some error.

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Then let me take 'New' also.

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See why, whenever if you take a path your Python is giving some error

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but if I take on your Unix-like systems, right,

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let me take 'path=

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[no audio]

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/home/ec2-user'.

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[no audio]

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Right. Now, it's taking perfectly. The same thing,

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let me take different path. Instead of this one

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let me take some 'f', then in that let me take some

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'\python\videos', something like that.

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Now, it's taking. There is no error. Why you are getting an error

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whenever if you're assigning a path to some variable?

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Not only variable, even if you try to print your path you will get an error.

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[no audio]

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See that.

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[no audio]

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The reason is, guys you know in your Python you have some

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special characters like '/n', '/t', '/r', right, '/v', and then '/u', is unicode.

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Right. That's why to avoid that special case purpose

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you have to provide '//' in your Python.

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Now see that. There is no problem by taking in this way.

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[no audio]

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So, the problem is with your only Windows operating

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system not with your Unix-like systems, because in Unix-like

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systems the path separator is this one, but Windows this is

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the path separator and you know '\n' is a special character,

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'\r' is a special character.

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'\u' is some unique code, that's why, that's why whenever

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if you are providing a path

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on your Windows operating systems always, whether it is having

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some special characters or not, try to provide instead of '\',

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just try to provide '\\'. By providing '\\'

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there is no problem with your Windows,

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but if you don't provide, sometimes you will get an error.

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If you don't provide '\\' in your path, sometimes there is a chance to get an error.

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That's why just to avoid error, even by mistake to avoid your error

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try to take always '\\' in your path. That is the good practice.

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Just remember this point.

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That's fine.

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Now, what is the next operation?

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'os.getcwd()'. Guys to know your current working directory

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on Windows you have to run 'cd' command, on your Unix

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you have to run 'pwd' command. But instead of running this

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one and this one based on your operating system

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just go and run this. Irrespective of your operating system Python

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will take care and it will give the current working directory.

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See that. I am going to take first Windows.

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Let me print. Let me print 'os.getcwd()'.

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See that, you're getting some path.

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Let me go and run it on your Unix as well. 'os.getcwd()'.

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I can also assign this output into some variable.

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Sorry, I have given some extra parentheses.

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[no audio]

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Right. Or let me take current working directory variable, 'cwd'.

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I can assign 'os.getcwd()',

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and then I can print that 'cwd'. No problem. That's it.

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See now you don't need to worry about your operating system,

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okay. Generally to get your current working directory on Windows

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you have to run 'cd' command, on your Unix-like systems

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you have to run 'pwd' command, but if you go with Python

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you don't worry about which operating system you are using to

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get your current directory. Python will take care of that.

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The only thing you have to remember, 'os.getcwd()'. That's it.

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Then 'os.chdir()'. Let me do one thing. As of now

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you are under this location, 'C:\Users\Automation'.

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Now, I want to move into different location. Then simply run, in your

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script also you can use this, 'os.chdir()'. Guys, you have to

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provide 'path', to which location you want to move.

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'path' is always a string, and remember that you are working on

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Windows, you have to provide two '\\' in your 'path'.

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[no audio]

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Okay, already we are providing same path, right.

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Let me remove this 'Automation'.

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[no audio]

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Previously you are under this location.

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Now, I am moving into this location with the help of this syntax. Now see that.

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What is the current location where you are, using 'getcwd()'.

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That's it.

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Same thing you can do it on your Unix as well. Right. Let me do it

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at least this one on your Unix-like systems.

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So, I want to move, 'os.chdir()', just I want to move into 'home' location.

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Now, see that, where you are.

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That's it. So guys, is make sure that while working with Unix-like

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systems don't provide any double slashes in your path,

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but in Windows you have to provide it.

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Right. Fine.

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See, again to list some files on Windows

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you have to use 'dir' command, on Linux you have to use 'ls' command,

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but instead of that simply you can use 'os.listdir()'.

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Right. Let me run it on my Linux at least. Same you can run it

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on your Windows as well. 'print

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(os.listdir())'. See the output.

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[no audio]

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Right. Otherwise, I will do one thing, 'os.chdir()'.

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I want to move into '/home/ec2-user'. So in this location

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I want to list. So you can move and then you can list or

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directly you can do one thing. Let me do it.

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'os.', 'print(os.listdir())'.

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You can also provide path, for which location you need to list out your values.

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I mean files and directories using in this way.

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[no audio]

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I think I need to provide one more parentheses. Fine. See that.

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See, 'os.listdir()' is going to take a path, or if you don't provide a path

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it will take your current location as a path, and it will list in the

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current location whatever the files and directories

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are there. And output is always a list make sure of that.

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Output is always a list.

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You have to remember this, because sometimes

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you need to use this output. Right. Fine.

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So 'os.listdir()' without path, with path.

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Then 'os.mkdir()'. See you can use this just

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to create your directory maybe on Windows or Unix.

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You can practice with your Windows as well guys.

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I am doing as of now on Linux, but you can do same thing on

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Windows as well. See as of now in the current location first, let me check

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what are the files and directories are there with the help of 'os.listdir()'.

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So current location, no need to provide path.

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Now, what I am doing is 'os.mkdir()'

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I'm going to create suppose "narendra" directory.

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What happened? Maybe,

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[no audio]

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'home'. We are under 'home' location, right. 'home',

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I don't have permission for that.

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Let me move into my 'home', 'ec2-user' home. 'os.chdir()'.

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[no audio]

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Then '/home'. '/home', I don't have permissions in that location,

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that's why I have to enter into my location, 'ec2-user'.

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Then here I can make directory called, suppose anything, 'narendra'.

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[no audio]

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Right. Now

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'os.listdir()'.

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See previously we ran 'os.listdir()', this location. See the list of files

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and directories you have. Now see that you have

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somewhere 'narendra'. Previously you were not having this. 'udemy'

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and 'June-2019', but between 'June-2019' you have a 'narendra',

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because just now we created that with the help of 'os.mkdir()'.

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Right. Fine.

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[no audio]

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And make sure that guys, whenever if you are providing

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a directory name that is also a string, you have to write inside of quotation

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Fine. The next one is 'os.mkdirs()', and then 'path'.

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That means if it is in the current location, you can use 'os.mkdir(),

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but recursively if you want to create,

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I mean suppose assume that you are in somewhere

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'/home/ec2-user'. In this path you are. Now,

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I want to create some 'xyz'. In that 'xyz' I want to create 'x'. So at a time

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I want to create xyz', and then in that 'x'. Recursively I want to create this path.

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Then at that time you have to take 'os.mkdirs()'. See that.

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If I take simply 'os.mkdir()',

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suppose I want to create under 'udemy'

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I want to create 'xyz' and then 'x' path.

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[no audio]

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Right. It's not possible. But if I take 'os.mk', this one, right,

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'os.mkdirs()'. Now, let's observe that. Under 'udemy'

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I want to create 'xyz', and then in that 'x' I want to create.

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[no audio]

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Right. Now just list, 'os.listdir(udemy).

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[no audio]

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See the result.

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[no audio]

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Right. That's it.

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Otherwise come out here, 'ls udemy'. Now recursively

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you can see I think using 'tree' command, see that,

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sorry, maybe 'tree' is not there.

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Let me install it. 'sudo yum install tree' command.

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[no audio]

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So that you can see recursively. 'tree udemy'. See that inside 'udemy'

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you created 'xyz', inside that 'x'.

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So, recursively if you want to create you have to use

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'os.mkdirs()'.

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Now to remove some path you can use

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'os.remove', right. And then recursively if you want to remove

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I mean just now we created recursively, right. Under

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'udemy', 'xyz', under that 'x'. Now if you want to create 'x', or recursively

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this 'xyz' under 'udemy', then you have to use 'os.removedir()',

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then your path. Path is always a string. Then you can also create

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some directory using simply 'os.rmdir()'.

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So guys, these are some of the simple 'os' operations. Along with that

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if you want to rename some file name, right, 'os.rename'

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source location, destination location.

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Both must be a string.

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You just try it.

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Then 'os.environ()', which is very, very important guys. See

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let me run it on my command line, 'env' command.

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You're getting some environment variable values

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of your operating system, right.

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Now same things you can get it with your Python as well,

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I mean your Windows or Linux operating system environment

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variables you can get it with the help of 'os.getenviron'.

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See the output.

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[no audio]

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Oh man, 'get'

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[no audio]

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Simply, sorry. 'os.environ()'. Yeah. 'os.', ;e-n-v-i', 'environ'.

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[no audio]

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What happened? Let me check it.

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Where we are?

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[no audio]

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A, B, C, D, E, E

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[no audio]

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Oh, sorry, 'os.'

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Yeah, this is a variable, right?

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[no audio]

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'environ', See the output.

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You are getting some environment variable information.

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[no audio]

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Right. So, simply 'print(os.

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[no audio]

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'e-n-v-i-r-o-n', 'environ'. That's it.

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So, you are able to get your environment variable values

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of your operating system using 'os.environ()'.

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Right. Then fine.

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What is the user, 'uid'? You know, you have a 'uid' for your

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each and every user on your operating systems, right?

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Let me run it. 'uid' of this. Sorry, 'id'.

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We're going to get 'uid' of your user 500, right, and 'gid' 500 as of now, right?

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See, let me get it

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from my Python. 'import os'. 'os.getuid()', User Id - 500.

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'os.getguid', Group Uid.

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What is that?

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'getuid()'.

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Let me see the operation so that it will be clear for me.

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'getuid()'. 'get'

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Where is 'getuid()'? 'getuid()'

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[no audio]

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'process id' you can get it.

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Right. I want to get 'group id'.

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'get groups', yeah. 'getgid'. So what I did?

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I did I think 'getguid()',

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no. 'os.getgid', group id.

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That's it.

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Right.

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Then 'pid', process id. 'os.getpid',

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your current shell process id. Right.

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Yeah, so guys these are some simple basic 'os' operations, right?

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So irrespective of your operating systems if you want to

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get some details of your operating systems,

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if you want to do some tasks like creating directory,

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removing directory, changing your path, right, or getting your current

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working directory irrespective of your operating system.

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See without your Python, if you want to run suppose change directory

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commands are different based on your operating system.

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But if you go with Python, no need to worry about your operating

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systems, just use these syntaxes so that your Python

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will take care based on your operating systems.

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And this is guys, this is a variable don't use this parentheses here.

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'os.environ'. Right. Fine.

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Okay guys, thank you for watching this video.

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[no audio]