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In this lesson, we're going to cover the directory

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listing attributes. When you do ls within a

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directory, so you cd into a directory and you do

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ls, and you're going to only see the directories

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inside, but when you do ls -l, or ltr,

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other options within that ls command, you're

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going to see different fields that's going to

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output on your screen. The first field is the Type

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of the file. So if any file that begins with d, it is

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a directory, any file that begins with l, it's a

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link, and any file that does not have anything on

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it, it's just a regular file. So the first field

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tells you about the Type. The second field tells

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you about the number of Links it has, or hard links

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that are attached to that directory. The third one, it

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tells you, the Owner of the directory, who owns it.

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The the fourth, the fourth one tells you the Group

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of the directory, which group owns the directory,

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and then the Size of the directory or file, the

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Month, the Day, the Time, and the Name. So these

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are the basic attributes when you do ls -l.

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So let's go to our Linux server and see how it

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looks in our Linux server.

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Right click, Open Terminal. Okay. Which directory

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are you in? Let's do pwd, and I am in my

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directory. So let's go to slash home directory.

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Sorry, slash, just slash directory, which is the

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parent directory, and then we will do ls -l.

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Here you will see the first again, the first

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column right here tells you what type of file it

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is. Second one, how many links, owner, group

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owner, the size, the month, date, time, and the

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name. So this is what you should need to know

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whenever you're doing ls, because if you are trying

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to do cd to a file, let's say we have this file,

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testfile. If you do test, if you trying to get

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into this file, it will tell you it's not a

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directory because it's a file. That's how you

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should know whether you are able to get into a

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file or not. So if you go into let's say cd, slash

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usr, there you go. You are in slash usr

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directory because it's a directory. So that's how

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you find out whether a file is a directory or link

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or just a regular file.

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